Optometry Club

Diagnosis of Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome(VKH)👌 1.No history of penetrating ocular trauma or surgery preceding the initial onset of uveitis. 2.No clinical or laboratory evidence suggestive of other ocular disease entities. 3.Bilateral ocular involvement (a or b must be met, depending on the stage of disease when the patient is examined). A.Early manifestations of disease: i. evidence of diffuse choroiditis (with or without anterior uveitis, vitreous inflammatory reaction, or optic disk hyperemia) which may manifest as: a) focal areas of subretinal fluid, or b) bullous serous retinal detachments B.Late manifestations of disease: i. History suggestive of prior presence of early findings noted in (3A) and either (ii) or (iii) below, or multiple signs from 3 ii. Ocular depigmentation: either a) sunset glow fundus or b) Sugiura's sign iii. Other ocular signs including a) nummular chorioretinal depigmented scars, or b) retinal pigment epithelium clumping and/or migratio

Scleritis 👌is a painful inflammation (swelling) the sclera. The tough, fibrous tissues of the sclera form a protective outer layer for the eye and make up 83 percent of the eye’s surface. In almost half of all cases, scleritis is associated with an underlying autoimmune disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis. There are two main types of scleritis: anterior and posterior. Anterior scleritis, the most common type, affects the front portion of the sclera. There are three types of anterior scleritis: Diffuse scleritis is the most common type and fortunately the most treatable. This type displays widespread redness and inflammation throughout the whole or a portion of the front portion of the sclera.     Nodular scleritis, is characterized by the presence of nodules , often tender to the touch, on the surface of the eye.     Necrotizing scleritis is the most severe form of anterior scleritis. It has the ability to destroy scleral tissues and in rare cases may lead to loss of the ey

It is an inherited disorder of the retina, typically causes vision loss during childhood or adolescence, although in some forms, vision loss may not be noticed until later in adulthood. It is rare for people with the disease to become completely blind. For most people, vision loss progresses slowly over time to 20/200 or worse. Stargardt disease is also called Stargardt macular dystrophy, juvenile macular degeneration, or fundus flavimaculatus. The disease causes progressive damage—or degeneration—of the macula. Stargardt disease is one of several genetic disorders that cause macular degeneration. The most common symptom of Stargardt disease is variable, often slow loss of central vision in both eyes. People with the disease might notice gray, black, or hazy spots in the center of their vision, or that it takes longer than usual for their eyes to adjust when moving from light to dark environments. Their eyes may be more sensitive to bright light. Some people also develop color blind

In 2001, the researchers of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study reported their landmark findings that patients with dry AMD who took a combination of antioxidants and zinc experienced a decrease in disease progression. The study divided the patients based on severity of their AMD: mild disease (category 1); intermediate disease (categories 2 and 3); and advanced disease (category 4). The primary endpoints of the AREDS trial were progression to advanced AMD and the degree of vision loss. They recommended vitamin supplementation only in patients with either intermediate disease or advanced disease in only one eye. There was a clear benefit in these patients, as they demonstrated decreased visual loss and decreased progression to more advanced stages of AMD. The results of the study showed no clear benefit in the patients with category 1 disease (those with only very small drusen in the macula). These results recommend vitamins to all but two large cohorts of patients, the first of whic

originally was defined by the occurrence of vitreous hemorrhage in association with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Terson syndrome now encompasses any intraocular hemorrhage associated with intracranial hemorrhage and elevated intracranial pressures. Intraocular hemorrhage includes the development of subretinal, retinal, preretinal, subhyaloidal, or vitreal blood. The classic presentation is in the subhyaloidal space. Etiology: Terson syndrome has been described most commonly in subarachnoid hemorrhages due to ruptured cerebral aneurysms.Other reports include such causes as strangulation, trauma, hypertension, tumor, and perioperative and postoperative intracranial bleeding. Iatrogenic events resulting in rapidly increased intracranial pressure have also been reported. Presentation: The neurologic symptoms are related to intracranial bleeding. Reported visual acuities range from 20/20 to light perception, but they often are difficult to obtain secondary to the impaired neurologic status

Worldwide institutes offering optometry degree are known as *School of optometry*.  Name related to this is only one institute in Pakistan, which is located in Karachi (capital of sindh province). The name of this institue is *ISRA school of Optometry* which is the part of ISRA University. ★Bachlor Degree in optometry:   There are three types of undergraduate / bachlor degrees offered in different institutes of Pakistan. 1. BSc (hon) 2. BSVS 3. O.D BSc (hon): This optometry degree is offered in following institutes. 1. COVAS (KE) Lahore 2. RMC Rawalpindi 3. MMH Chakwal 4. Rashid Latif medical college lahore 5. FMH Lahore BSVS: This optometry degree is offered in these institutes. 1. ISRA University (PIRS in Isb campus & ISRA school of optometry in Karachi campus. 2. PICO Peshawer (BS & OD) 3. PIO (alshifa eye trust) Rawalpindi 4. Shifa International Rawalpindi (?) 5. PIMS Islamabad O.D These institutes are offering OD degrees in pakistan 1. UOL (Lahore

Physiologic anisocoria: Anisocoria meaning/deffinition: Unequal size of the pupil is known as anisocoria. ✍️ physiological anisocoria also called benign, essential, or simple anisocoria ✍️ common up to 20% ✍️ difference 0.4–1 mm between 2 eyes ✍️  same difference in dim and bright light but it can be slightly more prominent in darkness ✍️ not influenced by ☝️sex ☝️age ☝️iris color. ✍️ importance of Physiologic anisocoria ☝️ whenever diagnosed  , we can avoid inappropriate  unnecessary diagnostic testing and further investigations and patient can be reassured. ☝️ physiologic anisocoria  could occur in combination with levator dehiscence on the side of the smaller pupil, mimicking Horner’s syndrome (pseudo-Horner’s syndrome)  with 0.5% apraclonidine test we could exclude a true Horner’s syndrome Differential Diagnosis of  Anisocoria: ( unequal pupil size ) 👩‍🏫👸   ✍️ Anisocoria greater in darkness( can’t dilate ) ☝️Horner’s syndrome ☝️Iris adhesions (posterior synechia

Recently optometry status was decreased by PHC (punjab health commission) in Pakistan. Manny optometry offices were sealed in Pakistan by PHC. There is no optometry regulary body in Pakistan. Pakistani optometrists or vision scientis are not registered with a particuler body. Optometry institutes dehree verification from HEC is mandatory. Without HEC registration, degree value is zero in Pakistan. New students want to take addmission in optometry should should check HEC registration of institutes and their offered degree varification. All the information is given in HEC website. Check the list of banned universities and their courses in HEC website. Donn't take addmission in these institutes. In Pakistan 3 types of degrees offered with same value. 1. BSVS (bachlor of science in vision science) 2. BSc (honor) optometry & orthoptics 3. OD (Doctor of optometry) Govt job scale of optometry in Pakistan is BPs 17 & 18. Active optometry jobs at govt hospital level are; s

To define the case as retinal vasculitis you should have the following findings 1)vitreous cells (if absent with exudates along vessels consider; diabetic retinopathy, Vein occlusion, adult Coat's, radiation or sickle cell) 2)perivascular infiltrate or sheathing in more than one vessel 3)FFA evidence of vascular leakage and/or occlusion 4)absence of multifocal choroiditis The next step is to look for evidence of systemic manifestations or lab changes mainly 1)fever, malaise 2)arthritis 3)rash 4)CBC 5)ESR, CRP If No systemic manifestations and negative screening labs (no need for expensive labs in these cases) 1)child----frosted branch angiitis 2)20-40----pars planitis, acute retinal necrosis, Eale's 4)40's---- birdshot, autoimmune vasculitis 5)50's+---intraocular lymphoma If there are systemic manifestations and positive screening labs, think of and do investigations accordingly; 1)Child; exanthemata, leukemia, Kawasaki 2)20-40 male; Behçet's, Sar