Optometry Club

Hyphema Hyphemia or Hyphema is a condition in which there is bleeding into the front part of the eye, known as the anterior chamber. This bleeding can cause the eye to appear red and can affect vision. Hyphemia is often caused by trauma to the eye, such as a blow to the head or eye injury from a foreign object. It can also be caused by certain medical conditions, such as high blood pressure or bleeding disorders.  Treatment for hyphemia may include medications to control bleeding and reduce inflammation, as well as close observation to ensure that the bleeding does not recur or worsen. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove blood from the eye or repair damaged blood vessels. More details are present in the video

Chemical eye injuries occur when chemicals come into contact with the eye, causing damage to the eye tissues and potentially leading to vision loss. These injuries can be caused by a wide range of chemicals, including household cleaners, industrial chemicals, and personal care products. Symptoms Symptoms of a chemical eye injury may include: Redness Pain Burning sensation Swelling Blurred vision Tearing Management If you suspect that you have a chemical eye injury, it is important to take the following steps: Flush the eye immediately: Rinse the eye with clean water for at least 15 minutes to remove any remaining chemicals. If water is not available, you can use milk or saline solution. Remove contact lenses: If you are wearing contact lenses, remove them as soon as possible. Seek medical attention: Call your eye doctor or go to the nearest emergency room for further evaluation and treatment. Do not attempt to neutralize the chemical with another substance, as this can cause further da

Ocular synechiae is an eye condition where the iris adheres to either the cornea (i.e. anterior synechiae) or lens (i.e. posterior synechiae). Synechiae can be caused by ocular trauma, iritis or iridocyclitis and may lead to certain types of glaucoma. It is sometimes visible on careful examination but usually more easily through an ophthalmoscope or slit-lamp. Posterior synechiae also cause glaucoma, but with a different mechanism. In posterior synechiae, the iris adheres to the lens, blocking the flow of aqueous humor from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber. This blocked drainage raises the intraocular pressure. Management Mydriatic or cycloplegic agents, such as topical homatropine, which is similar in action to atropine, are useful in breaking and preventing the formation of posterior synechia by keeping the iris dilated and away from the crystalline lens.

Coronavirus conjunctivitis, also known as COVID-19 conjunctivitis or coronavirus eye infection, is a condition in which the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that lines the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids, becomes infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes the illness COVID-19. Symptoms of coronavirus conjunctivitis may include redness, itching, and discharge in one or both eyes.  The condition can be uncomfortable, but it is generally not serious and usually resolves on its own within a few days to a week. It is important to practice good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding touching your eyes, to help prevent the spread of the virus. If you are experiencing symptoms of coronavirus conjunctivitis, you should contact your healthcare provider for further evaluation and treatment

Dry eye syndrome, also known as dry eye disease or keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition in which the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly, resulting in dryness and irritation of the eyes. The condition can cause symptoms such as dryness, itching, redness, burning, and a feeling of grit or sand in the eyes. It can also cause vision problems, such as blurry vision or sensitivity to light.  Dry eye syndrome can be caused by a variety of factors, including aging, certain medications, certain medical conditions, and environmental factors such as dry or windy conditions. Treatment may include the use of artificial tears, warm compresses, and other measures to help increase tear production and protect the surface of the eye. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of dry eye syndrome..

here are several tests that can be used to diagnose dry eye syndrome. Some common tests include: Schirmer test: This test measures the amount of tears produced by the eyes. Fluorescein eye stain test: This test involves applying a fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye and then using a special light to check for areas of dryness on the eye. Lissamine green eye stain test: This test involves applying a green dye to the surface of the eye and then using a special light to check for areas of dryness on the eye. Rose bengal eye stain test: This test involves applying a red dye to the surface of the eye and then using a special light to check for areas of dryness on the eye. Meibomian gland evaluation: This test involves examining the meibomian glands, which are located in the eyelids and produce an oily substance that helps to prevent the tears from evaporating too quickly. Ocular surface health assessment: This test involves evaluating the overall health of th

The diameter of a contact lens is a key feature that determines the size of the lens and how it will fit on the eye. The diameter is usually measured in millimeters and is one of the main factors that optometrists consider when prescribing contact lenses. Contact lenses come in a range of sizes to suit different eye shapes and sizes. The diameter of a contact lens is typically between 13.5 and 15.0 millimeters, although some lenses may have diameters outside of this range. A lens with a larger diameter will cover more of the eye, while a lens with a smaller diameter will cover less. It is important to choose a contact lens with the right diameter to ensure a comfortable fit. If the lens is too small, it may not cover the entire surface of the eye and may cause discomfort or irritation. If the lens is too large, it may not fit comfortably on the eye and may cause problems such as lens dislocation or redness. To find the right diameter for a contact lens, an optometrist will

The base curve of a contact lens refers to the curvature of the back surface of the lens. It is measured in millimeters and is one of the main characteristics of a contact lens. The base curve is important because it determines how well the lens will fit on the eye. A lens with a base curve that is too flat may not conform to the shape of the eye and may cause discomfort or irritation. On the other hand, a lens with a base curve that is too steep may be difficult to insert and remove and may cause lens dislocation or other problems. To find the right base curve for a contact lens, an optometrist will measure the curvature of the eye using a tool called a keratometer. This instrument measures the curvature of the front surface of the eye (the cornea) and helps the optometrist determine the appropriate base curve for the lens. In addition to the base curve, other factors that can affect the fit and comfort of a contact lens include the diameter of the lens and the material o

The history of Egyptian medicine dates back to ancient times, when the people of Egypt developed a sophisticated system of healthcare that was highly influential in the ancient world. Egyptian medicine was based on a combination of practical experience and religious beliefs, and it was practiced by a wide range of professionals including doctors, surgeons, and priests. Egyptian medicine was highly advanced for its time and was influenced by a number of different cultures, including Greek, Roman, and Arabic. The ancient Egyptians were skilled in a variety of medical techniques, including surgery, pharmacology, and dentistry, and they made many important contributions to the field of medicine. One of the most famous examples of Egyptian medicine is the Edwin Smith Papyrus, a medical text dating back to the 16th century BC. This document contains descriptions of various medical conditions and treatments, including the use of herbs and other natural remedies. Another important tex

The history of Chinese medicine dates back more than 2,500 years and is closely tied to the cultural and philosophical beliefs of China. Chinese medicine is a holistic system of healthcare that focuses on the balance of the body, mind, and spirit and the belief that good health is achieved through a balance of yin and yang, the two opposing forces that make up the universe. Chinese medicine is based on a number of principles, including the belief that the body is made up of energy channels called meridians, through which qi (life energy) flows. When this energy is in balance, the body is healthy, but when it is out of balance, illness can occur. Chinese medicine aims to restore balance to the body and promote good health through a variety of techniques, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, and tui na (massage). One of the oldest texts on Chinese medicine is the Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine), which dates back to the Han dynasty (202

Contact lenses are thin, transparent discs that are worn on the surface of the eye to correct vision or for cosmetic purposes. They are made of specialized materials that are designed to be comfortable and safe to wear, and they are available in a wide range of shapes, sizes, and prescriptions to suit the needs of different individuals. When prescribing contact lenses, optometrists consider a number of parameters to ensure that the lenses are the right size, shape, and prescription for the individual's eyes. These parameters include: Diameter: This refers to the width of the lens, measured in millimeters. The diameter of a contact lens should be carefully matched to the size of the eye to ensure a comfortable fit. Lenses with diameters that are too small or too large may cause discomfort or irritation. Base curve: This refers to the curvature of the back surface of the lens, measured in millimeters. The base curve of a contact lens should be matched to the curvature o

A man from Wuhan city died in Philippine due to coronavirus. About 44 year old chines person died in Philippine due to corona virus. Public health officials declared this as first coronavirus death outside china.  According to chines agency, coronavirus deaths 302 figure is crossed with 14000 infected figures. South korea, Indonesia, and New Zealand are now restricted to travel in china.  The dead person can in Philippine on 21 January with his 38 year old wife. his wife is under observation.  According to the Philippine health officials in last few days the was stable and showing signs of improvement, his condition became worse in last 24 hours and resulting to his death. 

Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a common vision condition in which objects that are far away appear blurry, while objects that are close up are clearer. Myopia occurs when the eye is too long or the curvature of the cornea (the clear front part of the eye) is too steep, which causes light rays to focus incorrectly on the retina (the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye). This results in blurry vision for distant objects. Myopia is a common condition that affects people of all ages and is usually inherited. It is more common in people who spend a lot of time reading, working on a computer, or engaging in other close-up activities. It is also more common in people who have a family history of myopia. Symptoms of myopia typically include difficulty seeing objects in the distance, such as road signs or the blackboard in a classroom, and the need to squint or strain the eyes to see clearly. Some people with myopia may also experience headaches, eye fatigue, or eye

Optometrists, ophthalmologists, and opticians are all professionals who work in the field of eye care, but they have different roles and responsibilities. Understanding the differences between these three professionals can help you choose the right provider for your eye care needs. Optometrists are healthcare professionals who are trained to diagnose and treat a wide range of eye problems, including vision impairments, eye diseases, and other conditions that affect the eyes. They are not medical doctors, but they have completed four years of optometry school and are licensed to practice optometry. Optometrists are trained to perform comprehensive eye exams, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and diagnose and treat a variety of eye conditions. They can also provide preventive care and recommend lifestyle changes to help maintain good eye health. Ophthalmologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of eye problems. They are licensed to practice m

Coronavirus is a virus that can cause illness, ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as COVID-19 (also known as the coronavirus disease). COVID-19 is a highly contagious respiratory illness that has emerged as a global pandemic, affecting people in many countries around the world. It is caused by a coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 and is spread through respiratory droplets, such as when an infected person coughs or sneezes. COVID-19 is a serious public health threat and has caused widespread illness and death worldwide. It has also had a significant impact on economies and societies around the world, leading to lockdowns, travel restrictions, and other measures to try to slow the spread of the virus. There is currently no specific treatment or vaccine for COVID-19, and efforts are focused on preventing the spread of the virus and providing supportive care to those who are affected. The best way to protect yourself from COVID-19 is to follow public health guide

The heart is a muscular organ that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is located in the chest, between the lungs, and is essential for maintaining the circulation of oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues. The heart is divided into four chambers: the left and right atria, and the left and right ventricles. The atria are the upper chambers of the heart, and they receive blood from the body and the lungs. The right atrium receives oxygen-depleted blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle. The ventricles are the lower chambers of the heart, and they are responsible for pumping blood out of the heart and into the body. The right ventricle pumps oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs, where it is oxygenated and returned to the left atrium. The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body, providing the tissues with the oxygen an

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic health condition in which the body is unable to properly regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels. Glucose is a type of sugar that is an important source of energy for the body's cells. It is carried through the bloodstream and is used by the body's cells to produce energy. There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 and type 2. In type 1 diabetes, the body is unable to produce insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescence and is treated with insulin injections or an insulin pump. In type 2 diabetes, the body is either resistant to the effects of insulin or does not produce enough insulin to properly regulate blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes is more common and is usually diagnosed in adulthood. It is often associated with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle and is treated with a combination of lifestyle changes (such as diet and exercise) and medications

he cornea is the clear, dome-shaped structure at the front of the eye that covers the iris (the colored part of the eye) and the pupil (the black circle in the center of the iris). It is made up of several layers of tissue and is responsible for protecting the eye and focusing light onto the retina (the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye). The cornea has several important functions, including: Refraction: The cornea is responsible for bending (refracting) light as it enters the eye, which helps to focus the light onto the retina. This is an important step in the process of vision, as it allows the eye to form a clear image of the objects we are looking at. Protection: The cornea is the first line of defense against foreign objects and infections, as it acts as a physical barrier to protect the eye. It is also resistant to infection due to the presence of antimicrobial proteins and the fact that it is constantly bathed in tears. Sensory function: The cornea i

The Jackson Cross Cylinder is a diagnostic tool used by eye care professionals to assess the refractive error of the eye and to determine the appropriate prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses. It consists of two lenses that are mounted on a handle and can be rotated and aligned to determine the amount and axis of cylinder (astigmatism) in a person's eyes. The Jackson Cross Cylinder is used in combination with a phoropter, which is a device that holds a series of lenses and allows the eye care professional to determine the best lens combination for correcting a person's vision. The eye care professional will ask the person to look through the phoropter at a distant target, such as an eye chart, and will adjust the lenses and the Jackson Cross Cylinder to determine the optimal prescription. The Jackson Cross Cylinder is an important part of the eye exam process, as it helps to accurately diagnose and correct vision problems such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyper

Presbyopia is a vision condition that typically develops in people over the age of 40 and is characterized by difficulty reading small print or seeing objects up close. It is a normal part of the aging process and is caused by a loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye, which makes it harder for the eye to focus on close objects. Presbyopia is a common condition that affects most people as they get older, and it usually becomes noticeable around the age of 40. It is not a disease, but it can be inconvenient and may require the use of reading glasses or other vision correction to see clearly. Symptoms of presbyopia include difficulty reading small print, the need to hold reading materials at arm's length, and eyestrain or headache when reading or doing close work. It can also cause problems with driving at night, as it can make it harder to see clearly when looking at headlights or other bright lights. Presbyopia is usually diagnosed during a comprehensive eye exam, wh

Astigmatism is a common vision condition that occurs when the curvature of the cornea (the clear, dome-shaped structure at the front of the eye) is irregular, causing light to focus improperly on the retina (the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye). This can result in distorted or blurred vision, especially at night or when looking at objects in the distance. Astigmatism is usually inherited and is present at birth, but it can also develop after an injury or surgery to the eye. It can occur in combination with other vision conditions, such as myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness). Symptoms of astigmatism include blurred vision, eyestrain or headache when reading or doing close work, and the need to squint to see clearly. It can also cause problems with driving at night, as it can make it harder to see clearly when looking at headlights or other bright lights. Astigmatism is usually diagnosed during a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a series of

Hypermetropia, also known as hyperopia or farsightedness, is a vision condition that occurs when the eye is unable to focus on objects that are close up. It is caused by an elongated shape of the eye or a cornea (the clear, dome-shaped structure at the front of the eye) that is too flat, which causes light to focus behind the retina (the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye). As a result, people with hyperopia may have difficulty seeing objects that are up close, but they may be able to see distant objects more clearly. Hypermetropia is usually inherited and is present at birth, but it can also develop after an injury or surgery to the eye. It can occur in combination with other vision conditions, such as astigmatism and presbyopia (a condition that affects the ability to focus on close objects as a person ages). Symptoms of hypermetropia include difficulty seeing objects that are up close, eyestrain or headache when reading or doing close work, and the need to hold re

Conjunctival concretions, also known as conjunctival calcifications or eye stones, are small, hard deposits that form on the conjunctiva (the clear, thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye) and can cause discomfort and irritation. They are made up of calcium or other minerals and can range in size from a few millimeters to a few centimeters. Conjunctival concretions are relatively common and can occur in people of all ages. They are often benign and do not cause any serious problems, but they can cause discomfort and irritation, especially if they rub against the cornea (the clear, dome-shaped structure at the front of the eye). They can also interfere with the normal movement of the eye, causing double vision or other visual disturbances. Conjunctival concretions are usually diagnosed during a comprehensive eye exam, during which the eye care professional will examine the eye and may use specialized instruments to examine the conjunctiva and other parts of the eye

The tear film is the thin layer of moisture that covers the surface of the eye and helps to keep it lubricated and healthy. It is made up of three layers: the mucous layer, the aqueous layer, and the lipid layer. The mucous layer is the innermost layer of the tear film and is produced by the conjunctiva (the clear, thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye). It helps to anchor the tear film to the surface of the eye and provides a smooth surface for the aqueous layer to spread across. The aqueous layer is the middle layer of the tear film and is produced by the lacrimal gland (the tear gland located above the outer corner of the eye). It contains electrolytes, enzymes, and other substances that help to keep the eye healthy and protect it from infections and other external threats. The lipid layer is the outermost layer of the tear film and is produced by the meibomian glands (glands located along the rim of the eyelid). It helps to seal in the aqueous layer and p

Anisocoria is a condition in which the pupils (the black circles in the center of the iris) are unequal in size. One pupil may be larger than the other, or the size of the pupils may vary depending on the lighting conditions or other factors. Anisocoria is a common condition that is usually benign and does not cause any serious problems. In most cases, it is not a cause for concern and does not require treatment. However, it can sometimes be a sign of an underlying health condition, such as an eye injury, an infection, or a neurological disorder. Anisocoria can be diagnosed during a comprehensive eye exam, during which the eye care professional will examine the pupils and check for any abnormalities in size or shape. If anisocoria is caused by an underlying health condition, treatment will depend on the specific condition. In conclusion, anisocoria is a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size. It is usually benign and does not require treatment, but it can someti

Corneal topography is a diagnostic test that uses a specialized camera and computer software to create a detailed map of the surface of the cornea (the clear, dome-shaped structure at the front of the eye). It is used to evaluate the curvature and shape of the cornea and to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions, such as keratoconus (a condition in which the cornea becomes thin and irregularly shaped), astigmatism (a condition in which the curvature of the cornea is irregular), and other corneal disorders. Corneal topography is a non-invasive and painless test that takes just a few minutes to complete. It is usually performed as part of a comprehensive eye exam or as a follow-up to an eye injury or surgery. During the test, the person being tested will be asked to look at a light or other target while the camera takes a series of images of the cornea. The images are then analyzed by a computer to create a detailed map of the cornea's shape and curvature. The map is co

The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped structure at the front of the eye that covers the iris (the colored part of the eye) and the pupil (the black circle in the center of the iris). It is made up of several layers of tissue and is responsible for protecting the eye and focusing light onto the retina (the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye). The cornea is a vital part of the eye and is essential for good vision. It is made up of several layers of tissue, including: The epithelium: The outermost layer of the cornea, which is made up of cells that are constantly being replaced. The Bowman's layer: A thin, transparent layer of tissue that provides structural support to the cornea. The stroma: The middle layer of the cornea, which is made up of collagen fibers that give the cornea its strength and shape. The Descemet's membrane: A thin, transparent layer of tissue that separates the stroma from the endothelium (the innermost layer of the cornea).

There are several corneal measurements that are important for determining the appropriate fit and prescription for contact lenses. These measurements include: Corneal curvature: The curvature of the cornea is measured in millimeters and is used to determine the base curve of the contact lens. A lens that is too flat or too steep can cause discomfort and other problems, so it is important to get a lens with the correct curvature. Diameter: The diameter of the contact lens is measured in millimeters and is used to determine the size of the lens. A lens that is too small or too large can cause discomfort and other problems, so it is important to get a lens with the correct diameter. Pupillary distance: The pupillary distance is the distance between the center of the pupil and the center of the cornea and is measured in millimeters. It is used to determine the position of the lens on the eye and to ensure that the lens is centered over the pupil. Central corneal thickness

Corneal topography is a diagnostic test that uses a specialized camera and computer software to create a detailed map of the surface of the cornea (the clear, dome-shaped structure at the front of the eye). It is used to evaluate the curvature and shape of the cornea and to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions, such as keratoconus (a condition in which the cornea becomes thin and irregularly shaped), astigmatism (a condition in which the curvature of the cornea is irregular), and other corneal disorders. Corneal topography is a non-invasive and painless test that takes just a few minutes to complete. It is usually performed as part of a comprehensive eye exam or as a follow-up to an eye injury or surgery. During the test, the person being tested will be asked to look at a light or other target while the camera takes a series of images of the cornea. The images are then analyzed by a computer to create a detailed map of the cornea's shape and curvature. The map is co

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Everybody should know the basic functioning of Human Body and its main parts in order to express and explain their ailment to the Doctor and at the same time one should be able to understand the diagnosis expressed by the Doctor in the medical terminology. For easy recognition of the Compounded Words used in the Medical Terminology for naming the disease, Suffixes are added to Prefixes. For this hereunder giving you a few such prefixes for your ready reference and understanding. Prefix - Meaning 1. Adeno - Glandular 2. An - Not 3. Anti - Against 4. Aorto - Aorta 5. Artho - joint 6. Bleph - Eyelid 7. Broncho - Bronchi 8. Cardio - Heart 9. Cephal - Head 10. Cerebro - Brain 11. Cervico - Cervix 12. Cholecysto - Gall Bladder 13. Coli - Bowel 14. Colpo - Vagina 15. Entero - Intestine 16. Gastro - Stomach 17. Glosso - Tongue 18. Haema - Blood 19. Hepa - Liver 20. Hystero - Uterus 21. Laryngo - Larynx 22. Leuco