Abnormalities of Conjunctiva

 The conjunctiva is a thin, transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye (called the sclera). It plays an important role in maintaining the health of the eye by producing mucus and tears, which help to keep the surface of the eye moist and lubricated.

There are a number of abnormalities that can affect the conjunctiva, which can lead to various symptoms such as redness, swelling, and discharge. Some common abnormalities of the conjunctiva include:

  1. Conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as infections (viral or bacterial), allergies, or irritants. Symptoms of conjunctivitis include redness, itching, and a discharge from the eye.
  2. Pterygium: This is a benign growth that develops on the conjunctiva, typically on the inner corner of the eye near the nose. It is more common in people who spend a lot of time outdoors or in dry, dusty environments, and it is more prevalent in people who are older and have fair skin. Pterygium can cause irritation and redness, and if it grows large enough, it can obstruct vision.
  3. Pinguecula: This is a benign, yellowish bump that develops on the conjunctiva, usually on the inner corner of the eye near the nose. It is caused by exposure to UV light and other environmental factors, and it is more common in people who spend a lot of time outdoors. Pinguecula can cause irritation and redness, but it usually does not interfere with vision.
  4. Episcleritis: This is an inflammation of the episclera, which is a layer of tissue that lies under the conjunctiva. It is usually caused by an autoimmune disorder or an infection, and it can cause redness, swelling, and a feeling of discomfort or pain in the eye.
  5. Scleritis: This is a more severe form of episcleritis that affects the sclera (the white part of the eye). It is usually caused by an autoimmune disorder or an infection, and it can cause severe pain, redness, and sensitivity to light. If left untreated, scleritis can lead to serious complications such as vision loss.
  6. Conjunctival nevi: These are benign growths that develop on the conjunctiva, and they are typically small and flat. They are more common in people with fair skin, and they do not usually cause any symptoms. However, in rare cases, conjunctival nevi can turn into cancerous tumors, so it is important for them to be monitored regularly.
  7. Conjunctival cysts: These are small, fluid-filled sacs that develop on the conjunctiva, and they are usually harmless. They can be caused by a variety of factors such as infections or injuries, and they usually do not cause any symptoms. However, in rare cases, conjunctival cysts can become infected, which can cause redness, swelling, and pain.
  8. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: This is a condition in which blood vessels in the conjunctiva burst, causing blood to accumulate under the conjunctiva. It can be caused by a variety of factors such as high blood pressure, injury, or strain, and it usually resolves on its own within a few weeks. While it can cause redness and a feeling of discomfort, it does not usually cause any long-term complications.

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