Pathogenesis of GLAUCOMA

Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by damage to the optic nerve, typically caused by an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). The pathogenesis of glaucoma is complex and not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of factors that lead to damage to the optic nerve and loss of vision.

Open-angle Glaucoma

Open-angle glaucoma, the most common type of glaucoma, is caused by a dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork, the structure responsible for filtering and draining the aqueous humor out of the eye. In open-angle glaucoma, the trabecular meshwork becomes less effective at filtering the aqueous humor, causing an increase in intraocular pressure. This increase in IOP leads to damage to the optic nerve, which causes loss of vision. The damage to the optic nerve typically starts in the peripheral vision and progresses to the central vision over time.

Angle-closure Glaucoma

Angle-closure glaucoma is caused by a physical blockage of the angle of the anterior chamber, preventing the drainage of aqueous humor and causing a rapid increase in intraocular pressure. This rapid increase in IOP can lead to damage to the optic nerve and loss of vision. The damage to the optic nerve typically starts in the peripheral vision and progresses to the central vision over time.

Normal-tension Glaucoma

Normal-tension glaucoma is a type of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure is normal, but the optic nerve is still damaged. The pathogenesis of normal-tension glaucoma is not well understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of factors, including decreased blood flow to the optic nerve and an increased susceptibility of the optic nerve to damage.

Damage to the Optic Nerve

In all types of glaucoma, damage to the optic nerve results in the loss of nerve fibers. This loss of nerve fibers leads to a decrease in the size of the optic nerve head and a corresponding reduction in the number of nerve fibers that transmit visual information to the brain. This reduction in the number of nerve fibers causes a loss of peripheral vision and, if left untreated, can lead to blindness.

In summary, the pathogenesis of glaucoma is complex and not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of factors that lead to damage to the optic nerve and loss of vision. Open-angle glaucoma is caused by a dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork, angle-closure glaucoma is caused by a physical blockage of the angle of the anterior chamber, and normal-tension glaucoma is caused by unknown factors. Damage to the optic nerve leads to a loss of nerve fibers, reduction in the number of nerve fibers that transmit visual information to the brain, and loss of peripheral vision. If left untreated, it can lead to blindness.

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